This is a post by Margherita Grassi (University of Barcelona) and Eleonora Volta (Vita-Salute San Raffaele University).

Article 111 of the Italian Constitution establishes that every trial must be conducted before a third and impartial judge and under conditions of equality between the parties. That means the judge must sentence based on the law, considering the facts and evidence presented during the trial, and without letting any opinion or prejudice about the parties influence their judgment.
In cases of gender-based violence, however, this required impartiality sometimes fails to be put into practice.